Pairing old and new technologies could unlock advances in plankton science

New research highlights the benefits of existing long-term monitoring programmes and emerging technologies in monitoring the health of our seas
The Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey has been monitoring the oceans since 1931
Marine Biological Association
The Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey has been monitoring the oceans since 1931
Advances in technology – such as microscopic imaging and molecular techniques – have the potential to transform our understanding of global ocean health, according to the authors of a new study.
However, they should not be employed at the expense of long-term plankton monitoring programmes, which continue to provide an essential role in tracking how our seas are shifting in the face of a changing global climate and are essential for informing routine assessments of marine biodiversity required by international law
Writing in the journal Ocean and Coastal Management, scientists say novel techniques do offer means of collecting and analysing select types of plankton data more efficiently than traditional methods.
They also have the potential to fill knowledge gaps and generate more complete pictures of plankton dynamics, factors which have led to them being proposed as possible alternatives to current monitoring programmes.
However, the authors say that the old and new methods come with different advantages and costs, while their uses and benefits – across marine management and scientific communities – can actually complement each other.
As such, they believe more effective ways should be found for old and new programmes to integrate with each other, combined with greater efforts to retain the specialist taxonomic skills needed to accurately assess plankton species and diversity.
The research was developed by some of Europe’s leading experts in plankton science, working at universities and government organisations in the UK, France, Sweden and the Netherlands.
Many of them are directly involved in long-term monitoring programmes that have been running for more than six decades, and the development of new monitoring technologies, as well as advising on the management of our ocean and seas.

Plankton support the entire marine food web and generate much of the oxygen we breathe.

As such, we need to generate any information possible to ensure we know of changes in plankton communities and the impacts they could have on commercial fish stocks, sea birds, and the general health of the planet. There are amazing technologies coming on stream that can help with that – but existing monitoring has provided us with hugely valuable insights over the past six decades, and remains essential in tracking long-term changes in ocean health.

Matthew HollandDr Matthew Holland
Research Fellow and the study’s lead author

The new study has been published at a time when there is growing global appreciation of plankton. In September 2024, the Ocean Stewardship Coalition – an initiative of the UN Global Compact – launched a global Plankton Manifesto , which sought to emphasise the critical role of plankton in addressing the interlinked global crises of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
Dr Abigail McQuatters-Gollop , Associate Professor of Marine Conservation at the University of Plymouth and one of 30 international scientists to work on the Plankton Manifesto, is senior author on the new study.

Plankton data are integral for understanding changes in our ocean.

The new technologies being developed for monitoring plankton are exciting, but it is critical they are integrated with standard methods, many of which use a simple net and have been in place for over a century. They rely on people with years of experience in plankton science and research, and it is only through combining this human component with the monitoring methods that we can fully understand the implications of plankton change for marine ecosystems.

Abigail McQuatters-GollopDr Abigail McQuatters-Gollop
Associate Professor of Marine Conservation

This paper is a review of the current methods used to monitor plankton around Europe, including methods such as the Imaging-Flow CytoBot (IFCB), which SAMS and UHI Shetland have deployed off a fish farm in Shetland. We make the case that while these new methods are useful and exciting they are a long way from replacing the ‘gold standard’ methods that we currently employ. That said, the paper also highlights the decline in trained plankton taxonomists and urges policy makers to address this through added, targeted funding.

Dr Callum Whyte
Phytoplankton ecologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science 

Molecular techniques can provide valuable insight into plankton that are hard to identify without specialist knowledge, are difficult to sample or are rare. Yet, there is still a great deal of uncertainty over how molecular could and should be interpreted. This paper highlights the need for proof-of-concept studies that provide a thorough comparison of data provided by microscope-based methods with that provided by newer technologies.

Dr Karen Tait
Microbial Ecologist at Plymouth Marine Laboratory 

The decline in skilled taxonomists is a worldwide concern, in both terrestrial and aquatic ecology. This paper makes the important point that these undervalued skills need to be retained, since the transition towards new technology actually increases, rather than decreases, the need for taxonomy.

Professor Angus Atkinson MBE
Senior Marine Ecologist at Plymouth Marine Laboratory 

Enabling continued excellence in plankton science

As part of the study, the authors make a series of recommendations which they believe will enable the scientific community to embrace novel technology, while also ensuring the continuity of standard monitoring time-series. They include:
  • Gradual integration and intercalibration: We need to conduct parallel studies which apply novel methods alongside standard plankton monitoring to calibrate, align and verify novel data types against standard microscopy methods to ensure compatibility, consistency, and reliability.
  • Rethink how we value and employ taxonomists: The need for skilled taxonomists is increasing, rather than declining, since their skills underpin an expanding suite of sampling methods. We need a much wider realisation of this taxonomic need, at all levels spanning from funder to that of individual institutes.
  • Incentivise open data practices: Make data from both standard and novel methods more readily available for public use.
  • Improve communication: The message that long-term time series are valuable for climate change research is still not fully recognised, and we need to better communicate the value of long-term science to policymakers, funders and the public, as well as establishing a better understanding of the true costs and benefits involved with the various standard and novel methods.
  • Streamline/reprioritise standardised methods: We need to establish standardised data collection and analysis protocols that integrate standard and novel methods to ensure time-series remain comparable across sites and over time.
Some of the novel instruments currently used for automated imaging methods in plankton monitoring
Some of the novel instruments currently used for automated imaging methods in plankton monitoring
  • The full study – Holland et al: Mind the gap - the need to integrate novel plankton methods alongside ongoing long-term monitoring – is published in Ocean & Coastal Management, DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107542.
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